The topic for today's lecture is Climate adjustment as a component of sustainable urban development. You may ask: Why is it important to consider the effects of climate change in urban planning? Climate change is proceeding and the consequences like heat waves, floods and torrential rains will increase noticeably. Since a majority of people live in cities and therefore are directly affected by these consequences, cities are particularly required to protect their occupants, buildings, infrastructures and free spaces against possible negative climate effects. And this sooner rather than later since cities cannot be converted within a short period of time. The effects of climate change on cities vary, depending on the cities' specific position, climate and structural contexts. This needs to be analysed on site, to find suitable adaption strategies. So cities are crucial players in the adaption of climate effects. Here, city development is particularly suitable with its functions and instruments.
The increasing heat stress caused by climate change takes effect more intensively in cities. Cities have their own city climate which is usually warmer, dryer and with lower winds. The densely concentrated buildings and sealing lead to storing of warmth in structural masses. The stored heat is then slowly released during the night. Compensating factors like evaporation active green spaces, that regulate the temperature peaks, are significantly lower. That's why cities are in particular warm at night and that reduces the sleeping comfort. During the day, temperature differences are less pronounced and it depends on the small scale climate situations, whether a place or city is perceived as pleasant. So shaded parkways, places with waterworks can have a good residential quality, despite the heat. It is important that they are reachable for many.
Cities like Berlin, Stuttgart, Freiburg. Dresden and cities in the Ruhr district have dealt with the phenomena heat island effect and measures of planning for some time now. One reason being, that summers have already been stressful in the past. The main reason is the local climate situation in which cities are contained--these are often low wind areas. Climate change, with its outlook on drastic intensification of the situation during summer months, is also alarming to other cities. It became clear, that besides floods and torrential rain, heat is a key issue for
urban development.
According to climate research, heat stress caused by climate change will significantly increase. Heat waves will be rife, last longer and will reach higher temperatures--in cities with some days above 40℃. The long lasting heat stress as well as higher temperatures will strain especially sick and older people since their body cannot regulate heat as well. Since our society is getting older and the proportion of the over 65 continuously increases, the issue becomes even more particular. So the health system should work more closely with urban development and promote emphasis on a local political level.
There are various strategies to lessen extreme temperature peaks in cities and improve the quality of residential conditions within urban space. During the day, it is essential that as less as possible heat energy is collected by buildings, streets and parking spaces. Streets, backyards, squares as well as parkways could be shaded by trees and draperies and its also the most pleasant in the shade for people during the day. Water elements in public places help to refresh the body. If possible, paved areas should be unsealed and planted, since they can cool the air by evaporating, but it is important that these areas always have enough water. Buildings can be protected by planting on facades and roofs. Alternatively, highly reflective paint could also help reduce heating up. For nightly cooling down, cold air supply through fresh air corridors in strained city districts are very effective.
Urban development is a political process. In principle, all citizens have voice in ongoing planning processes and building projects within the framework of a formal participation procedure. In addition, local politics and city administration are relying more and more on a broad general public dialogue with issue related events. In the case of climate adaption, this is fundamental as this challenge can only be conjointly managed and personal responsibility is required. Some cities have workshops and information events. Citizen's initiatives are always a useful consolidation for this process. Apart from that, everyone can contribute within their own environment--in living and working spaces, backyards and garden designs--so a city can be more adapted to heat and quality of life in our cities can be preserved.
翻译
问题
1903 - Sentence Translation
Sentence-1 The Conference decided to set up a Drafting Group composed of representatives of the following countries: Algeria, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Gabon, Iran, Jordan, Nigeria, Panama and Thailand.
Sentence-2 We must work harder to overcome our differences. We must treat all our people with fairness and dignity, regardless of their race, religion or gender and regardless of when they arrived in our country.
Sentence-3 We welcome with open arms delegations and guests from all nations ready to take up the call and commit to developing policies and defining actions which guarantee every citizen the right to education.
Sentence-4 According to figures which I have here, about 65 percent of British couples get married in a church. More than 90 percent of those who die get a Christian funeral, but less than 20 percent go regularly to church.
Sentence-5 Only two in five au pair girls have signed a written agreement with their host family. One third said they'd been required to move out with little to no notice when their employment had been
terminated.
翻译
1903 - Passage Translation
Passage 1
What really makes me mad is the attitude towards morals. Some people think it's right for the police to walk into art galleries or surf personal websites to decide whether pictures are works of art--or obscene. But these same people are not in the least upset by advertisements which persuade the public to buy things which can do real harm--like cigarettes and alcohol, for example. A lot of advertisements are much more immoral, because they lie--or at least disguise the truth. I think the whole question of morality is relative. The behaviour of some businessmen is relatively more immoral than that of the young people they criticise.
Passage 2
Many employees complain that they're being watched while they work during the day. The majority of U.S.companies keep watch on their workers with video cameras, tape recorders, computer surveillance. In a survey of over 900 major U.S. companies, nearly two-thirds of them acknowledged using a range of surveillance methods to monitor their employees. Some employers issue that warning, but others do not. In the most worrisome finding of the survey, up to a quarter of the companies that monitor their workforce do it secretly. And the practice is on the rise. The number of employees being monitored has doubled in the last five years.
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