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本页提供汽车零部件供应商潜在名单及联系方式，供业内人士及试图入行的中小企业参考使用。点击“下载数据”获取资料，点击“下载全文”在线阅读。



下载数据“新能源整车估价”

01 单词/词组

• Yard truck 堆场卡车，可以换车身的卡车车头
• Shunt trucks 同tard truck，如图，可换车身的卡车车头
• Shunt 本意为火车换轨，shunt trip 译为并联跳闸
  
• Tractor 车身完整类拖拉机车
  
• Trailer 和yard truck 组装的拖车
  
• Spotter 发现器，探测器，本文特指用于探测内燃机
  
• Shifter 移位寄存器，移动装置
  
• Nomenclature 专业术语
  
• Mule 骡子（公驴和母马杂交后所生）
  
• Tractor 拖拉机
  
  
  
  
• Dock 延伸出木板路的码头
  
  
  
  
• Ship yard 船厂，放置集装箱的港口，见后文洋山深水港的图示
  
• Hitch 把…钩住
  
• In stealth 秘密行动
  
• In stealth under the name Azevtec 译为以该名称秘密运营
  
• Belching out carbon dioxide 喷出碳氧化物， belch 打嗝、喷
  
• Repetitive job 可重复工作
  
• Long-haul work 长途运输工作
  
• A pressurized air hose 一根压缩的运气软管
  
• Brighton 美国南部城市， Denver 美国城市，位于Colorado
  
• Pulldown 折叠式的， pulldown menu 译为下拉菜单，属于Windows系统
  

基础知识

从Bloomberg Green Mail Shot暂时无法视觉化堆场卡车的自动系统。作为知识点的补充，译者用上海洋山深水港目前运营现状作为案例介绍，洋山深水港目前建设到四期，已经达到“无人港口”运营的预期：单台起重机平均每小时可处理39.74个集装箱，码头能在9小时内处理约1800个集装箱。



洋山四期采用由上海振华重工自主设计制造的自动化装卸设备，其中，自动导引运输车（AGV，Automated Guided Vehicle，）承担着重要角色。AGV采用锂电池驱动，内置系统可自定行车路线、有效规避碰撞，除了无人驾驶、自动导航、路径优化、主动避障外，还支持自我故障诊断、自我电量监控。无论是深入悬臂箱区作业，还是堆场来回穿梭，都承担着港口单调、繁重而危险的任务（新民晚报-屠瑜，2019）。

本次译文的内容，是讨论如何将自动驾驶系统嵌入yard truck，使其在港口来回行驶、挂钩、脱钩都形成自动化，让完全的新手也能操作。

参考资料：点击阅读原文

文章翻译

堆场卡车，亦称发现器、换挡器，分流卡车、终端拖拉机等。抑或，对于偏好动物学术语的人，会称为堆场鸟、马、狗或者骡子。无论什么名字，他们属于汽车，并且是拖车中的牵引部分（车头），驰骋在码头之间，以及仓库的停车场之间，抑或是船厂之间。上周，我试图亲自驾驶一辆。我很自豪地报告首次尝试的业绩：我成功将一辆53英尺的拖车，停靠在其他两辆拖车之间的码头上。

(注：spotters 发现器， shifters 换挡器，shunt truck 分流卡车，terminal tractors 终端拖拉)

更准确地说，我在新泽西郊区自己家的餐厅，用一台笔记本（操作完成），点击一些简单的命令，然后就密切关注网上信息：一辆堆场卡车在Colorado Brighton仓库，驶向一辆停着的拖车，并与其挂钩——所有这些都没有人类干预。我首场驾驶秀是作为仓库调度员的角色，试驾由一家名为Outrider Technologies Inc. 的公司安排，该公司为Colorado一家制造堆场卡车的初创企业。Outrider是另一个电气自动化汽车的案例，他们发现这类车可应用于农业和工业领域，处理人类厌恶的工作和危险的工作，且（码头场景）不涉及乘客或行人。



“我们注意到私有的自动化汽车，应用于低速领域（例如：分拣中心， distribution center）将有巨大的影响”Outrider CEO Andrew Smith说道，此人于2017年创立了该公司，并且秘密地以Azevtec的名义运营，直到去年才更名。Smith估计，美国每时每刻约有50000辆堆场卡车在工作。总的来看，这些车每天运输上百万次，同时也释放了很多碳氧化物。

ACT Research分析师 Tim Denoyer的调研结果显示，美国堆场卡车每年的销售量约为3500辆，并且还在增长。大多数车用的是内燃机，但据Denoyer估计，今年销量的10-15%的车将用电动机。“那个堆场发现器是该公司决定电气化的动因之一，”他说：“大多由于缺乏范围焦虑，因为燃料效率和内燃机发现器都是很可怕的。”

驾驶堆场卡车是一项重复性工作，掌握该技能耗时长且通常无回报，也不适合长途运输。营业额很高，除了在繁忙的停车场进行拖车、帮助车进入狭小空间之外，每次挂钩司机必须走下驾驶位，从将压缩空气软管连接到拖车，到释放停车制动的动作——这项任务Outrider必须找出如何自动化的方案。

这家初创公司从诸如Orange EV的制造商那里购买电动堆场卡车，并用摄像头、雷达、激光传感器武装(outfit)这些车，用以引导该车自动驾驶系统。今年早些时候，该公司开辟了35万平方英尺的仓库和平地，地点在Brighton，Denver北部，这些地方用来建造并测试其制造的车。一天中大都数时间，部分拖车往返于该地区49个码头门之间。Outrider拥有9个试点客户（pilot customer），来测试其系统，系统包括卡车、分拣管理系统、总部Golden的帮助中心。

直至目前，安全驾驶员坐在方向盘后面，有一个红色按钮，可让使用者紧急停止机器人并转为人工操作。Outrider希望于2023年真正实现无人驾驶。

上周，我作为首个体验这一切的人，测试了该系统，（发现）安全驾驶员根本无需按下紧急按钮。在Outrider 产品VP Peter James作了一场简短的培训后，我已经会使用联网面板的下拉菜单，指导一辆牵引车（tractor）拉起一辆拖车（trailer），从38号地点连接车之后出发，在15号码头放下拖车。牵引车背部的机械臂负责勾起或脱钩于空气软管工作。所有步骤仅需10分钟，比人类驾驶员的平均速度慢，但没出错。（产品VP）James说，之后会解决速度问题，因为目前只关注“精确度和动作可重复性”，也让挂钩、拖车、脱钩的工作变得简单易操作，使得像我这样的新手也能操作。

下载数据“新能源整车估价”

延伸阅读

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• SEC管理气候风险的刚性条件
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• 微观电动汽车：以Tesla为例
• 零基础学习芯片制度
• 如何理解“缺芯潮”？谁买不到芯片？
• 2021年车用芯片产能，能满足中美两国需求

Bloomberg News Original

By Ira Boudway

Yard trucks: also known as spotters, shifters, shunt trucks, and terminal tractors, or, for those who prefer zoological nomenclature, yard birds, horses, dogs, or mules. By any name, they are the vehicles that tow semi-trailers from dock to dock and parking spot to spot at warehouses and shipping yards. Last week, I tried my hand operating one. I’m proud to report that, on my first try, I successfully backed a 53-foot trailer into a dock sandwiched by two other trailers.

Well, more precisely, I sat at a laptop at my dining room table in suburban New Jersey, clicked a few simple commands and then watched online as a yard truck at a warehouse in Brighton, Colorado, drove to a parked trailer, hitched to it, towed it about 150 feet to an empty dock, backed in, and unhitched — all without human intervention. My debut as a warehouse dispatcher was arranged by Outrider Technologies Inc., a Colorado startup that makes self-driving yard trucks. Outrider is another example of automated and electric vehicles finding uses in agricultural and industrial spaces, where they can do dirty and dangerous jobs without encountering passengers or pedestrians.

“We identified that autonomous vehicles in a private property, low speed application like a distribution center could have a huge impact,” says Outrider CEO Andrew Smith, who founded the company in 2017 and ran it in stealth under the name Azevtec until last year. There are, Smith estimates, about 50,000 yard trucks in operation in the U.S. at any given moment. Collectively, they make millions of trips every day, usually belching out carbon dioxide as they go.

Annual yard truck sales in the U.S. are about 3,500 and growing, according to Tim Denoyer a senior analyst at ACT Research. Most run on diesel, but, according to Denoyer’s estimates, 10% to 15% of sales this year will be electric. “The yard spotter is one of the first movers to electrify,” he says, “mostly because of the lack of range anxiety and because the fuel efficiency of diesel spotters is awful.”

Driving a yard truck is a repetitive job that takes time to master and usually doesn’t pay as well as long-haul work. Turnover is high. In addition to towing trailers in busy lots and backing them into tight spaces, drivers need to get down from the cab for every hitch to connect a pressurized air hose to the trailer to release its parking brake — a task that Outrider has had to figure out how to automate.

The startup buys electric yard trucks from manufacturers such as Orange EV and outfits them with cameras, radar, and lidar sensors to guide its self-driving software. Earlier this year, the company opened a 350,000 square-foot warehouse and yard in Brighton, north of Denver, to build and test its vehicles. For most of the day, a handful of AVs tow trailers to and from the site’s 49 dock doors. Outrider has nine pilot customers testing its system, which includes the trucks, dispatch management software, and a help center at its headquarters in Golden.

For now, safety drivers sit behind the wheel of every truck with a big red button that allows them to shut off the robot and take over. Outrider hopes to go fully driverless sometime in 2023.

Last week, when I was the first reporter allowed to test the system, the safety driver didn’t need his button. After a brief tutorial from Outrider’s vice president of product, Peter James, I was able to use the pulldown menu on the online dashboard to instruct a tractor to pick up the trailer from parking spot 38 and drop it at dock 15. A robotic arm at the back of the truck handled the job of hooking and unhooking the air hose. Altogether, it took about ten minutes, slower than the average human driver could do it, but without flaw. Speed will come later, James says. For now, the focus is on “precision and repeatability of moves” and making the job so easy that a newbie like me can do it.